Little Known Asian Animals With a Promising Economic Future հղում աղբյուրինb18ase.htm |
Acknowledgments |
Preface |
Introduction |
Part I : Domesticated Bovine Species |
1 Domesticated Banteng |
2 Banteng Cattle Hybrids |
3 Mithan |
4 Yak |
5 Yakows |
Part II : Wild Bovine Species |
6 Wild Banteng |
7 Gaur |
8 Kouprey |
9 Tamaraw |
10 Anoas |
Part IlI : Pig and Piglike Species |
11 The Bearded Pig |
12 The Sulawesi Warty Pig |
13 Javan Warty Pig |
14 Pigmy Hog |
15 The Babirusa |
Part IV : Recommendations and General Research Needs |
Appendixes |
Selected Readings |
Research Contacts |
Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation |
Board on Science and Technology for International Development |
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C. 1983
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the Councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the Committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropiate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was established by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and of advising the federal government. The Council operates in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy under the authority of its congressional charter of 1863, which establishes the Academy as a private, nonprofit, self-governing membership corporation. The Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in the conduct of their services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. It is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. The National Academy of Engineering and the Institute of Medicine were established in 1964 and 1970, respectively, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences.
The Board on Science and Technology for International Development (BOSTID) of the Office of International Affairs addresses a range of issues arising from the ways in which science and technology in developing countries can stimulate and complement the complex processes of social and economic development. It oversees a broad program of bilateral workshops with scientific organizations in developing countries and conducts special studies. BOSTID's Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation publishes topical reviews of technical processes and biological resources of potential importance to developing countries.
This report has been prepared by an ad hoc advisory panel of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation, Board on Science and Technology for International Development, Office of International Affairs, National Research Council. Program costs for the study were provided by the Office of Technical Resources, Bureau for Asia, Agency for International Development, under Grant No. ASB-0249-SS-00-1026-00 and the Office of the Science Advisor, Agency for International Development, under Grant No. DAN/ 5538-G-SS-1023-00.
Funding for this printing was provided by the Office of Agriculture, Bureau for Science and Technology, Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C., under Grant No. DAN 1406-G-SS-4001-00.
First Printing, June 1983
Second Printing, July 1984
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 83-061909
Participants in the Study
HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Programs in Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA, Chairman
Contributors
AMBAR ROESYAT, Research Institute for Animal Husbandry, Bogor, Indonesia
1. B. ARKA, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia
J. S. F. BARKER, Professor of Animal Sciences and Head of Department, The University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
KURT BENIRSCHKE, Research Department, San Diego Zoological Garden, San Diego, California, USA
BEN BERESKIN, Research Geneticist, Nonruminant Animal Nutrition Laboratory, Animal Science Institute, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
RALEIGH A. BLOUCH, World Wildlife Fund, Bogor, Indonesia
W. BONGERS, Nature Conservation Department, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
I. BONNEMAIRE, Ecole Nationale Superieure des Sciences Agronomiques Appliquees, Dijon, France
A. A. BOSMA, Vakgroep Funktionele Morfologie, Rijksuniversiteit, Utrecht, The Netherlands
D. BUTCHER, Assistant Director, Western Plains Zoo, Dubbo, New South Wales, Australia
G. S. CHILD, Wildlife and Parks Management Officer, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy
W. ROSS COCKRILL, International Animal Consultant, Almansil, Algarve, Portugal
PAUL CONRY, Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources, Department of Agriculture, Guam
HAROLD J. COOLIDGE, Former President, International Union for the Conservation of Nature, Beverly, Massachusetts, USA
W. P. CROWCROFT, General Director, Metropolitan Zoo, Toronto, Canada
TONY J. CUNHA, Dean Emeritus, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, California, USA
D. DEPPNER, Tropical Livestock Consultant, Washington, D.C., USA
C. DEVENDRA, Head, Feed Resources and Animal Nutrition Branch, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Selangor, Malaysia
J. M. DOLAN, San Diego Zoological Garden, San Diego, California, USA DUKUT SULARSASA, Department of Tropical Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
H. EPSTEIN, Faculty of Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Tel Aviv, Israel (retired)
T. FINNIE, Taronga Zoo, Mosman, New South Wales, Australia
H. FISCHER, Director, Institute of Tropical Veterinary Medicine, JustusLiebig-Universitat, Giessen, Federal Republic of Germany
IAN FLETCHER, Project for Animal Research and Development, Bogor, Indonesia
ANNIE P. GRAY, Commonwealth Bureau of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Edinburgh, Scotland (retired)
R. B. GRIFFITHS, Director, Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy
1. R. GRiMWOOD, Nairobi, Kenya
COLIN P. GROVES, Australian National University, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia
ULRICH HALDER, Swiss League for Nature Conservation, Basel, Switzerland
CHARLES G. HICKMAN, Livestock Consultant, A. Mithat Efendi Sokak No. 36/11, Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey
D. HOFFMAN, Veterinarian, Project for Animal Research and Development, Bogor, Indonesia
J. H. G. HOLMES, Department of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
H. HUITEMA, Veterinarian, Osterbeek, The Netherlands
J. H. HUTASOIT, Director-General, Livestock Services, Jakarta, Indonesia
BENT JORGENSEN, Director, Copenhagen Zoo, Copenhagen, Denmark
NAT KlEFFER, Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
F. WAYNE KING, Director and Professor, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
GRAHAM W. M. KIRBY, Principal Animal Production Officer, Department of Primary Production, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
HEINZ-GEORG KLOS, Director, Zoologischer Garten, Berlin, West Germany
KUSMAT TANUDIMADJA, Professor of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institut Pertanian, Bogor, Indonesia
JOHN K. LOOSLI, Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
JOHN A. LUKAS, White Oak Plantation, Yulee, Florida, USA
A. A. MACDONALD, Vakgroep Funktionele Morfologie, Rijksuniversiteit, Utrecht, The Netherlands
JOHN MACKINNON, Representative, World Wildlife Fund, Bogor, Indonesia
ROBERT E. McDOWELL, Professor, Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
JEFFREY A. McNEELY, Executive Officer, Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland, Switzerland
ADRIAN G. MARSHALL, Honorary Secretary, Institute of South-east Asian Biology, Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen, Scotland
[AN L. MASON, Animal Breeding Consultant, Edinburgh, Scotland
GEERT MONTSMA, Vakgroepen Veefokkerij, Veehouderij, Tropische Veehouderij, Wageningen, The Netherlands
J. B. MORAN, Senior Research Officer, Animal and Irrigated Pastures Research Institute, Kyabram, Victoria, Australia
ROBERT H. MILLER, Chief, Milk Secretion and Mastitis Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
JAN NARI, Director, Central Research Institute for Animal Science, Bogor, Indonesia
HARVEY NEESE, President, Agri-Food Systems International, Inc., Troy, Idaho, USA
I. M. NITIS, Department of Animal Nutrition and Tropical Pasture Production, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
WILLIAM L. R. OLIVER, Chairman, lUCN/SSC Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Group, Jersey, Channel Islands, United Kingdom
JOHN PAYNE, Wildlife Section, Forest Department, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia
W.J.A. PAYNE, Tropical Animal Breeding Consultant, London, England
RALPH W. PHILLIPS, Arlington, Virginia, USA
DONALD L. PLUCKNETT, Scientific Advisor, Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, Washington, D.C., USA
DAVID W. ROBINSON, Associate Dean, International Programs, University of California, Davis, California, USA
PATRICK J. ROBINSON, Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
D. H. L. ROLLINSON, Animal Production Officer, Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
CLIVE ROOTS, Director, Assiniboine Park Zoo, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
J. A. SAYER, Nature Conservation and National Parks Project, FAO, Rangoon, Burma
R. E. SATTER, Nature Conservation and National Parks Project, FAO, Rangoon, Burma
GEORCE B. SCHALLER, New York Zoological Society, New York, New York, USA
JOHN SCHOTTLER, Principal Animal Production Officer, Department of Primary Industry, Lae, Papua New Guinea
GEORGE SEIFERT, CSIRO, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
ROGER V. SHORT, Professor of Reproductive Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
C. C. SINHA, Outdoor Recreation and Wildlife Research Division, Forest Research Institute, College, Laguna, Philippines
FREDERICK J. SIMOONS, Professor, Department of Geography, University of California, Davis, USA
C. D. SIMPSON, Senior Extension Specialist, Department of Agricultural, Technical and Extension Services, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
P. SITORUS, Research Institute for Animal Production, Bogor, Indonesia
A. J. SMITH, Royal School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
D. J. STOLP-DIEPEVEEN, Department of Tropical Animal Production, Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
SUBANDRlYO, Research Institute for Animal Production, Bogor, Indonesia
W. SUMADI, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
L. M. TALBOT, World Wildlife Fund International, Gland, Switzerland
WARREN D. THOMAS, Director, Los Angeles Zoo, Los Angeles, California, USA
J. L. THROP, Director, Taronga Zoo, Mosman, New South Wales, Australia
ALLEN D. TILLMAN, Private Consultant in Animal Production, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
DONALD G. TULLOCH, Division of Wildlife Research, CSIRO, Winnellie, Northern Territory, Australia
HELEN NEWTON TURNER, Genetics Research Laboratories, CSIRO, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
B. VAN PUIJENBROECK, Curator of Mammals, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
E. J. WARWICK, Visiting Professor, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
WARTOMO HARDJOSUBROTO, Lecturer in Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
R. H. WHARTON, Chief Research Scientist, CSIRO, Long Pocket Laboratories, Brisbane, Australia
J. L. WHEELER, Project Manager, Project for Animal Research and Development, Bogor, Indonesia
M.H. WOODFORD, Wildlife Veterinarian, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy
B.A.YOUNG, Department of Animal Science, the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
M.ZULBARDI, Research Institute for Animal Production, Bogor, Indonesia
NOEL D. VIETMEYER, Professional Associate, Board on Science and Technology for International Development, Asian Animals Study Director
National Research Council Staff
F. R. RUSKIN, BOSTID Editor
MARY JANE ENGQUIST, Staff Associate
CONSTANCE RECKS, Administrative Secretary
It is high time that the world was made aware of the valuable, large ruminant genetic resources of Southeast Asia.
J. B. MORAN Livestock Specialist Animal and Irrigated Pastures Research Institute Kyabram, Victoria, Australia
Without utilization preservation is doomed to failure. Local breeds able to perform well in difficult habitats, such as in sparse vegetation, mountainous terrain, or the tropics, should be used for their agricultural potential. Breeds that demonstrate hybrid vigor on crossing with improved or exotic breeds also merit utilization. Genetically unique breeds should be retained for scientific studies of genetics, evolution, and biochemistry. And aesthetically attractive and historically important breeds should be maintained in parks and preserves for their educational and cultural values.
I. L. MASON Animal Breeding Consultant Edinburgh. Scotland